What are Arc-Sided Figures?

Arc-sided figures are figures, which are formed by (circular) arcs. 

This section contains a collection of arc figures arranged by the number of corners. On this web page a corner is the point, where two arcs touch. 

1 No symmetry

2 symmetry with 1 centre 3 symmetry with 1 axis

4 symmetry with 2 axes  5 symmetry with 3 axes

6 symmetry with 4 axes  7 symmetry with 5 axes and more

Figures of two circles    top

Lense  A = [2/3*Pi - 1/2*sqrt(3)]*r² U = 4/3*Pi*r

Lense A =  [1/2*Pi - 1]*a² U = Pi*a

Mushroom A = (1/8*Pi - 1/4]*r² U = 1/2*Pi*r

Three-quarter Moon 

A = [1/2*Pi + 1]*r²
U = 2*Pi*r

Figures of three circles   top

Tricorn A = [Pi - 1/2*sqrt(3)]*r² U=2*Pi*r

Bug's Eyes A = [1/4*sqrt(3) + 3/8*Pi]*a² U = 3/2*Pi*a

Three circles A = [1/4*sqrt(3) + 5/8*Pi]*a² U = 5/2*Pi*a

Arbelos, Shoemaker's Knife (Archimedes) A = 1/4*Pi*ab = 1/4*Pi*c² U = (a+b)*Pi

Crescent Moons (Hippokrates) A = 1/2*a*b U = Pi/2*[a+b+sqrt(a²+b²)]

Ying und Yang A = 1/2*Pi*r² U = 2*Pi*r

Spinning Top  A = 2*r² U = 2*Pi*r

Golf Tee A = [1/4*sqrt(3) - 1/8*Pi]*a² U = 1/2*Pi*a

Arc Triangle  A = [1/2*Pi - 1/2*sqrt(3)]*r² U = Pi*r

Figures of four circles        top

Cruciferous Flower A = (1/2*Pi - 1]*a² U = 2*Pi*a

Orbital A = [sqrt(3) + 2/3*Pi - 3]*a² U = 4/3*Pi*a

Cross A = [1 + 1/2*Pi]*a² U = 2*Pi*a

Diamonds A = (1 - Pi/4)*a² U = Pi*a

Axe head A = 1/2*a² U = Pi*a

Arc square A = [1 + 1/3*Pi - sqrt(3)]*a² U = 2/3*Pi*a

Four-Leaf Clover A = [1 + 3/4*Pi]*a² U = 3*Pi*a

Dumb-Bell A = [1 + 1/4*Pi]*a² U = 2*Pi*a

Heart A = [1 + 1/4*Pi]*a² U = 2*Pi*a

Hook A = 3/4*Pi*r² U = 3*Pi*r

Salinon A = 1/4*PI*(a+b)² = 1/4*Pi*c² U = Pi*(2*a+b)

Worm A = 5/4*Pi*a² U = 3*Pi*a

Ring A = [1/24*Pi + 1/4*sqrt(3)]*a² U = [2/3*sqrt(3)+3/2]*Pi*a

Hour-glass A = [1 - 1/4*Pi]*a² U = Pi*a

Chicken egg A = [3*Pi - sqrt(2)*Pi - 1)]*r² U = [3-1/2*sqrt(2)]*Pi*r

Figures of five circles     top

Crescent Moons (Hippokrates) A = a² U = [sqrt(2)*+2]*a

Tulip A=Pi*r² U = (2*Pi+2)*r

Figures of six circles   top

Rosette A = [2*Pi - 3*sqrt(3)]*r² U = 4*Pi*r

Rosette A = 2*Pi *r² U = 4*Pi*r

Bear head A = [1/4*sqrt(3) + 1/16*Pi]*a² U = Pi*a

Curve with constant width A = 1/2*Pi*a² + Pi*ab + Pi*b² - 1/2*sqr(3)*a² U = Pi*(a+2b)

Humming-Top A = 2*a² U = 2*Pi*a

Figures of eight circles      top

Cross A = [1 + 1/16*Pi]*a² U = 3/2*Pi*a

Cross A = [1 + 1/16*Pi]*a² U = 5/2*Pi*a

Rings    top

Circumscribed and inscribed circle of  an equilateral triangle A = 1/4*Pi*a² U = sqr(3)*Pi*a (more precise: boundary line)

Circumscribed and inscribed circle of  a square A = 1/4*Pi*a² U = [1+sqrt(2)]*Pi*a (more precise: boundary line)

How to Calculate Arc-Sided Figures      top
You calculate arc-sided figures by searching basic figures, which form the figures and the areas of which you know. You must multiply, subtract, add them.

1st Example 
The only basic figure is the semi-circle, that appears four times. The area is generally 1/2*Pi*r². You replace the radius r by a/2 and/or 3a/2. 

The result is A = [1/2*Pi - 1/2*sqr(3)]*r².

The result is A = [1/2*Pi - 1]*r².

....	A collection of important basic figures

Some solutions  top
Area of the arc square

...

The calculation has two parts: 1 You calculate the area of the inner red square. 2 You calculate the area of the yellow segments.

......

...

There is a equilateral triangle inside the square with the height h=(1/2)sqrt(3)a. The blue lines are the diagonals of the square. One half diagonal has the length h-(1/2)a=(1/2)[sqrt(3)-1]a Thus the area of the square is A1 = 4*(1/2){(1/2)[sqrt(3)-1]a}² = (1/2)[4-2sqrt(3)]a²=[2-sqrt(3)]a².

......

There is a 30° sector inside the square.  The area of the segment is the difference between the area of the sector and the area of the isosceles triangle with the sides a. There are four segments. A2 = 4*[(1/12)pi*a²-(1/4)a²] = [(1/3)pi-1]a²

I use the formulas of the lense  AL =  [1/2*Pi - 1]*a² and  the arc square AB = [1 + 1/3*Pi - sqrt(3)]*a².

The area of the orbital is A = 2*AL - AB. That means A=2*[1/2*Pi - 1]*a² -[1 + 1/3*Pi - sqrt(3)]*a² oder A = Pi*a²-2a²-a²-(1/3)Pi*a²+sqrt(3)a² oder  A = (2/3)Pi*a²-3a²+sqrt(3)a² oder A = [sqrt(3) + 2/3*Pi - 3]*a², qed.

Squaring the Circle top

In the history of mathematics Hippokrates' crescent moons were important, because you can draw a triangle (or four-sided figures in other cases) with ruler and compass having the same area. Mathematicians guessed you were able to find a square with the same area as a circle in a similar way. But since the 19th century it is known that this is not possible, because Pi is a transcendental number (Ferdinand Lindemann 1882).

Arc-Sided Figures on the Internet   top

German

Barbara Flütsch (Mathe-Aufgaben)
Kreis und Kreisteile: Berechnungen

S MART
Aufgabenbereich "Kreisteile - auch Segmente"

Wikipedia
Kreis (Geometrie),  Reuleaux-Dreieck, Arbelos

David Eppstein    (The Geometry Junkyard)
Circles and Spheres

Eric W. Weisstein  (MathWorld)
Piecewise Circular Curve, Circle, Arc, Triangle Arcs, Semicircle, Arbelos, Lens, 
Yin-Yang, Salinon, Reuleaux Triangle

Tim Lexen
Bending the Law of Sines, Making Tricurves

University of Cambridge (nrich mathematics)
Arclets (Shapes made from arcs)

Wikipedia
Circle, Reuleaux triangle, Arbelos, Salinon, Semicircle, Ring (geometric)

References   top
Walter Lietzmann: Altes und Neues vom Kreis, Leipzig und Berlin 1935
Eugen Beutel: Die Quadratur des Kreises, Leipzig und Berlin 1942
Maximilian Miller: Gelöste und ungelöste mathematische Probleme, Leipzig 1973